1.Periodic Table of the Elements

2.CMF

2.1 Color

There are a few color systems that have been developed over the years to ensure that nothing is lost in translation between designer and manufacturer.

The most common tools for achieving agreement on color standards are the Pantone Matching System, and RAL Color System . US-based designers and engineers tend to use the Pantone Matching System, while RAL remains popular in parts of Europe. Manufacturers that work with global customers will typically be familiar with both systems.

Pantone Matching System

RAL Color System

CMYK Process colors utilize a limited number of inks, such as cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK), applied in different ratios to create a variety of colors. Process colors are generally used when color accuracy or range is less critical.

2.2Material

Material	Common Uses	Subcategories	Advantage	Disadvantage
Metals	This material is typically shiny and lustrous. It is malleable and an excellent electrical conductor	Aluminum Copper Tin Steel Bronze etc	Durable High-quality results Heat and cold resistant	Can be challenging to work with Higher cost Difficult to source
Polymers	At the molecular level, polymers are comprised of a large number of similar units and can be either synthetic or natural.	Polyethylene Nylon Teflon Cellulose Rubber	Easy to source Inexpensive Simple to work with	Lower-quality results Less durability Limited heat capacity
Ceramics	These are nonmetallic materials―typically clay, but not always―formed using high heat.	Glass Cement Clay Porcelain Stoneware	Lightweight Robust electrical insulation Inexpensive	Dimensional tolerances can be inconsistent Cracking is possible Processing can be challenging
Composites	This involves combining two or more disparate materials to create a new, unique material.	Concrete Plywood Fiberglass Paper Reinforced plastics	High durability Customizability Affordability	Can be bad for the environment Repair is challenging May require special handling

Metal

Aluminum

Serial	Main alloying elements	Principal	Example application
1xxx	99.xx% pure aluminum	High electrical and thermal conductivity, excellent corrosion resistance.	Electrical conductors and chemical processing equipment.
2xxx	Copper	High strength-to-weight ratio, low corrosion resistance	Truck wheels and suspensions, aircraft fuselage, and wings
3xxx	Manganese	Moderate strength and good workability.	General sheet work, recreation vehicles, electronics.
4xxx	Silicon	Low melting point and thermal expansion, high wear resistance.	Welding wire and brazing alloy, architectural applications, forged engine pistons.
5xxx	Magnesium	Moderate-to-high strength, good weldability, good corrosion resistance.	Appliances, automotive parts, marine components.
6xxx	Silicon and magnesium	Medium strength with good formability, weldability, machinability, and corrosion resistance.	Structural applications, architectural extrusions, recreational equipment.
7xxx	Zinc	Moderate-to-very high strength.	Airframe structures, mobile equipment, high-stress parts.
8xx.x	Tin	Low friction.	Bearing and bushing applications.

Steel

Element	Effect
Nickel	2-5% nickel content increases toughness12-20% nickel content increases corrosion resistance
Manganese	0.25%-0.4% manganese content with a bit of sulphur can lessen brittlenessOver 1% will increase hardenability
Silicon	0.2-0.7% silicon content increases hardenability and strength2% silicon content	increases yield strengthHigh percentages will also give magnetic properties to the alloy steel
Chromium	0.5-2% chromium content increases hardenability4-18% chromium content increases corrosion resistance
Boron	0.001-0.003% boron content increases hardenability
Copper	0.1-0.4% copper content increases corrosion resistan